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Political finance covers all funds that are raised and spent for political purposes. Such purposes include all political contests for voting by citizens, especially the election campaigns for various public offices that are run by parties and candidates. Moreover all modern democracies operate a variety of permanent party organizations, e.g. the Democratic National Committee and the Republican National Committee in the U.S. or the Conservative Central Office and the Labour headquarters ("John Smith House", "Millbank Tower") in the U.K. The annual budgets of such organizations will have to be considered as costs of political competition as well. In Europe the allied term "party finance" is frequently used. It refers only to funds that are raised and spent in order to influence the outcome of some sort of party competition. Whether to include other political purposes, e.g. public relation campaigns by lobby groups, is still an unresolved issue.〔Nassmacher, Karl-Heinz, ''The Funding of party competition''. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2009, p. 31.〕 Even a limited range of political purposes (campaign and party activity) indicates that the term "campaign funds" (used as subject heading in Library of Congress cataloguing) 〔see http://catalog.loc.gov〕 is too narrow to cover all funds that are deployed in the political process. ==Expenses for politics== Political expenses can be caused by * election campaigns run by candidates, candidate committees, interest groups or political parties, * contests for nomination or re-selection of parliamentary candidates, * training activities for party activists,〔Examples from the 1976–80 election cycle are given by Adamany, David, 'Political parties in the 1980s'. In: Malbin, Michael J. (ed.), ''Money and politics in the United States''. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1984, pp. 80–81, 89.〕 officeholders or candidates, * policy development by parties or party related bodies, * current operations of party organizations at the national, regional or local level and * efforts to educate citizens with regard to popular initiatives, ballot issues or referendums. Most frequently and in most countries the organizations that raise and spend money for political purposes are parties (headquarters, branches and chapters). Party headquarters spend on public relations, mass media (including billboards), the expertise of consultants and offices. Local party chapters (e.g. constituency or riding associations), which rely on volunteers (party activists), cover telecommunication and mail charges as well as rent and heating for storefront offices, which they use as their centers of political activity.〔R. Kenneth Carty, ''Canadian Political Parties in the Constituencies''. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1991, is an unmatched (nationwide) case study of local party organizations.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Political finance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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